拼贴空间

这篇文章是位于南半球澳大利亚的建筑师写的，因此此文中的“北向”应该适用于我国的“南向”。

原文可能是节选的所以贴得比较乱，囧,我对其内容稍加归纳整理。

资料转载自http://www.abbs.com.cn/bbs/post/view?bid=29&id=1322358&sty=1&tpg=1&age=-1

一、建筑遮阳可采用的几种措施 

1.Use shaded skylights to compensate for any resultant loss of natural daylight.
 运用带有遮阳的天窗以弥补自然光的损失。
2.Choose and position landscape to provide adequate shade without blocking access to cooling breezes.
选择并确定地点来提供合适的遮阳，并且不会阻挡凉爽微风的进入。
3.Use planting instead of paving, to reduce ground temperature and the amount of reflected heat.
用绿化代替石头路面，以降低地面的温度及其反射的热量。
4.A 'fly roof' can be used to shade the entire building. It protects the core building from radiant heat and allows cooling breezes to flow beneath it.
“漂浮屋顶”可以在整栋建筑上运用，达到遮阳效果。它可以保护建筑的核心部分免受热辐射，并使凉爽的微风从底下吹过。

二、外立面不同朝向的遮阳措施
1.最常见和重要的东西面遮阳措施
Adjustable shading is particularly useful for eastern and western elevations, as the low angle of the sun makes it difficult to get adequate protection from fixed shading. Adjustable shading gives greater control while enabling daylight levels and views to be manipulated. Appropriate adjustable systems include sliding screens, louvre screens, shutters, retractable awnings and adjustable external blinds.
对于东西立面可调节式遮阳是非常重要的，因为太阳的入射高度角低，使固定的遮阳设备很难达到一个准确的支出角度。可调节式遮阳给与你更大的可控性，可以选择和调整太阳光的强弱和视野。适合的可调节系统包括：水平滑动屏风式，天窗式遮阳棚，曲臂遮阳棚和可调节式外遮阳百叶。

East and west facing openings require a different approach, as low morning and afternoon sun from these directions is more difficult to shade. Keep the area of glazing on east and west elevations to a minimum where possible, or use appropriate shading devices. Adjustable shading is the optimum solution for these elevations.
东向和西向的敞开的地方需要不同的解决方法，上午和下午阳光来自于不同的方向，这是非常难以遮挡的。尽量使东向和西向窗户面积最小，或者运用相适宜的遮阳设备。对于这两个朝向的里面来说，可调节式遮阳是最理想的解决方法

2.常年有日照的北向遮阳措施

North facing openings (and south facing ones above the tropic of Capricorn) receive higher angle sun and therefore require narrower overhead shading devices than east or west facing openings. Fixed horizontal shading is often adequate above north facing glazing. Examples include eaves, awnings, and pergolas with louvres set to the correct angle.
北向敞开的地方（和赤道回归线以上的南向）接收来自高角度的太阳光，所以它比东向和西向敞开的地方相比需要较窄小的上部遮阳设备。固定的水平遮阳用在面向北边的玻璃窗，比如说屋檐，遮阳棚和植被凉棚，当它们调整到正确的角度后是非常合适的。

3.其他朝向的遮阳措施

Shading requirements vary according to climate and house orientation. A general rule of thumb is:
遮阳的需求随气候和房屋朝向而变化。基本的规则如下：
ORIENTATION朝向   SUGGESTED SHADING TYPE建议的遮阳种类
NORTH北向  fixed or adjustable shading placed horizontally above window固定或可调节的遮阳，水平置于窗上
EAST & WEST东向和西向  adjustable vertical screens outside window窗外可调节式的垂直帘片
NE & NW东北向和西北向  adjustable shading可调节式遮阳
SE & SW东南向和西南向  Planting植物

三、景观绿化在遮阳节能上的运用

1.GROWING NATIVE AND INDIGENOUS PLANTS
本土植物的生长
What is the difference? In general terms, native plants are all plants from Australia. Indigenous plants are those specifically native to particular places in Australia.
有什么不一样呢？通常长说本国的植物都是来自澳大利亚的。本地的植物是澳大利亚境内的某些特殊的地方。
2.Sustainable landscape is an approach to designing and constructing the artificial landscapes that surround our buildings. These landscapes should maintain themselves and survive by being part of the natural cycles of the local environment.
对于设计和建造一个人工地形使其环绕于我们和建筑群周围，可持续发展的地形是一个很好的方法。这些景观应该可以使它们自己保存并存活下来，并成为本地环境自然生态圈的一部分。
In many cases this means finding out what the original local environment was like. This is often difficult, as in our cities and even in rural areas the landscape was significantly changed after European settlement.
在很多情况下，这代表这要找出本地环境最原始的状况。这是非常困难的，在我们城市甚至乡村地带，在欧洲人住扎之后景观发生巨大的变化。
Sustainable landscape means putting back much of what was in place before development. It may also mean introducing things that were not there before.
可持续发展地形，代表着尽量恢复这个地方在开发以前的事物。它同样可以代表引进这个地方以前没有的东西。

四、立面门窗的节能措施

1.Heat loss and gain in a well insulated home occurs mostly through the windows. In summer, each square metre of glass in direct sun can allow as much heat in as would be produced by a single bar radiator. In winter, losses from a window can be ten or more times the losses through the same area of insulated wall.
在保温措施很充分的家庭里面，热量的得失大部分是通过窗户发生的。夏天，每平方米的玻璃上的通过的直接太阳辐射等同于单个暖气片产生的热量。冬天，从窗户散失的热量是同面积的保温墙体上散失热量的十倍或更多倍。
With good design windows can trap warmth in winter and repel summer heat. They admit cooling breezes and exclude cold winter winds.
设计很好的窗户可以在冬季引入热量，在夏季抵挡热量。还能够在夏季得到凉风，而不会受到冬季寒风侵袭。

2.亚热带湿性气候
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
主要特征：
  High humidity
  Hot to very hot summers with mild winters
  Distinct summer/winter seasons.
  Moderate to low diurnal (day/night) temperature range. This can vary significantly between regions e.g. inland to coastal.
  高湿度
  夏季燥热冬季气候温和
  夏季和冬季有明显的差别
  昼夜温差适中，在不同区域之间（如从陆地到海岸）昼夜温差有明显的变化  

KEY DESIGN PURPOSES:
主要设计目的：
  Maximise external wall areas (plans ideally one room deep) to encourage movement of breezes through the building (cross ventilation).
  Site for exposure to breezes.
  Shade whole building where possible in summer.
  Allow solar access in winter months only.
  Shade all east & west walls & glass year round.
  Avoid auxiliary heating as it is unnecessary with good design.
  Use well insulation (especially if the house is air-conditioned) and vapour barriers.
  Use Elevated construction with enclosed floor space, where exposed to breezes.
  Choose light coloured roof and wall materials
  Provide screened and shaded outdoor living.
  增大外墙面积（最好是一室径深）以加强风沿建筑的流动（纵向通风）
  选择有风的地点
  夏季尽可能对整个建筑遮阳
  只在冬季让太阳进入
  东西向墙和窗全年遮阳
  通过好的设计避免不必要的辅助加热
  采用良好的绝缘（特别是采用空调的房子）和蒸发屏障
  采用开放的通风的地板结构来提高建筑高度
  选择浅色调的屋顶和墙壁材料
  提供遮阳的户外生活空间

五、实例——Vienna-Schwechat机场

1.This may be attributable in part to the Vorarlberg mentality, which-seen from my perspective in Vienna at least-is strongly focused on cost-effectiveness. Given the strict conditions that apply to building today, that is a natural advantage which pays dividends everywhere. It is also has to do with the tough school of housing construction, every aspect of which B & E have addressed in a more forward-looking and responsible manner than most of their fellow-architects. When it comes to long-lasting envelopes, square metre prices very close to the minimum limit, complex ecological systems and energy-conscious construction methods, B & E residential buildings are hard to beat. That the word has spread to far-flung corners of the earth is apparent from their high-rise residential blocks for Peking that are now beginning to climb skywards.
我在Vienna的工作室期间感受最深的是Vorarlberg小组特有的工作理念，他们更注重于合理有效的建筑花费。在如今的建筑行业当中有很多的严格规定，因此他们的工作理念就体现出了优越性。他们还要为一些要求苛刻的学校进行房屋建筑，他们在其中的每个方面都相对于他们的同类建筑师来的更有远见和责任感。B＆E　它的居民建筑是很难被击败的，它运用了可长期运用的外围护结构，每一平方米的价格接近最低点，他们运用了复合式的生态系统和能源节省的建筑方法。这种理念已经远远的传播到地球的另一个角落北京，它迅速的应用于北京的民用建筑中，在那里高层民用建筑群正在迅速的掘起。
VIE SKYLINK-Expansion of Vienna International Airport and the Airport City at Vienna-Schwechat
扩展Vienna国际机场和在Vienna-Schwechat的机场城市。
A realization competition (first stage of construction up go 2015) will focus on the development of a long-term master plan for the airport, including a terminal extension, the construction of the new south pier and prospective planning for the north pier; an urban development concept for the Airport City; and a traffic improvement scheme involving a reinterpretation and upgrading of the airport suburban railway station.
已经确认的竞争重点在于机场的长期主要的发展规划，包括机场的扩建，新南部马头的建设和将来对北部马头的设计；对于机场城市来说的一个城市发展概念；和一个交通改进的规划，它包括了从新的示意和升级机场的郊区地铁站。
Vienna-Schwechat Airport opened in 1960 and it has undergone several conversions and extensions in the meantime. The existing fabric, parts of which are highly problematic in architectural terms, will be dovetailed into the current expansion project by means of a >> one-roof concept<< that will produce a visually and functionally integrated complex. The new facilities will be to the east of the present Terminal 2 and their sickle-like appearance will give them landmark character. Crucially, there will be no change in the minimum connecting time of 25 minutes, which is unmatched anywhere else in Europe. The suburban railway station will be upgraded and become the main mode of passenger transport to and from the city.
Vienna-Schwechat机场在1960年开放，经历了多次的改进和扩建。对于它已有的框架来说，有的部分在建筑方面上存在这很大问题，将被紧密的整合在这次扩建过程中，以一种叫做“one-roof concept”的方法来达到，他将产生一种视觉上和功能上整合的混合体。最新的设备将被整合在2号厅，它的镰刀式外形将成为它的标志性特点。非常重要的对于最小的二十五分钟连接时间来说没有任何变化，在欧洲的任何地方也没有哪里能与它相比。它郊区的地铁站将得到升级，并成为旅客进入城市的主要交通方法。
The Airport City, which has hitherto developed in somewhat arbitrary fashion (hotels, administrative buildings, etc.), will form part of a firmly- knit urban development plan, into which the present fabric will be integrated. The area will be bounded by a ring-shaped bypass and have an internal one-way traffic system running in opposite directions. Little pocket parks will enable the city’s business park to blend into the natural surroundings. The architects’ airport expansion project involves a modular construction system that is appropriate to the high degree of repetition and meets the (economic) need for standardised materials, details and functional units. There are four levels above ground and one below ground in certain segments (where the trains run on sunken track).
这个机场城市至今为止一直在一个任意的流行趋势下加以发展（像旅馆和行政建筑等），它将成为结构紧密的城市发展计划中的一部分，在其中现有的结构将得到整合。这个区域将被一个环型的小道包围和有一个内部的单行交通系统在它相反的方向运作。小小的口袋式公园，使城市的工商场地有一种融入到周围自然环境的感觉。建筑师们的机场扩建计划当中包含了一套建筑系统模式，它是非常适用在高成度的重复，和满足了标准材料，细节和功能等单位的需求。一共在地面上有四层，在地下有一层，这些是确定的部分（铁路将在凹槽导轨中运行）。
The main structure is a steel-framed building in which prefabricated units are used for the ceilings (with the exception of the core areas). This is a very economic solution even where the spans are long. The building is topped by a ventilated roof with a metal sheet covering. The facades are 21 metres high, rising to 24 metres at the ridge. Significantly, the terminal’s upper floors are set off by the façade’s vertical air spaces.
The architects’ underlying aim is to produce a trinity of transparency, translucence and luminosity. In other words, the new Skylink will be a fascinating experience no matter what the perspective or the time of day. Entering the building beneath the canopy, visitors pass through a section of the façade that opens out go form a draught lobby. Emerging from this relatively low air lock they find themselves on the land　side in a high-ceilinged hall. Transparent facades afford a view from here of the air side, thus effectively highlighting the links between the airfield and the building.
主结构是钢架的建筑，在其中是先做单孤部件被用在天花板上（核心部分除外）。这是非常经济化的解决方法，即使跨度很长。建筑物上的可通风屋顶是由金属片覆盖的。它的正面高二十一米，到屋脊高度为二十四米。非常重要的是建筑设施的上层由正面垂直的空气层分隔开来。建筑师们强调了他们的目的是产生一种透明、半透明和发光的三合一产品。也就是说，这种新的Skylink使人不管怎么看在什么时间看都得到一种梦幻般的体验。从天莲的底下进入建筑，访问者穿过一段正面的区域，它对外开放形成了一个空气流动的大厅。相对低空的展示使他们发现自己处于地面上一个高天花棚的大厅里。透明的正面展示了一种空中的视野，因此在飞机场和建筑之间建起了一个有效的连接。